The cone emerges at the corner of Brillouin zone, which is a counterpart to that in electronic solid state systems like graphene 1, 2, 3 and topological insulators 4, 5, 6.
Such symmetry-protected cone plays an important role in the realization of nontrivial topological characteristics and non-zero Berry phase, inspiring many novel transport properties, such as photonic quantum Hall effect 7 and photonic spin-momentum locking edge states 8. On the other hand, a new kind of photonic Dirac cone at zone center has been reported in all-dielectric photonic crystals and aperiodic quasicrystals 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. provides reviews, contact information, driving directions and the phone number for Kenneth J Dipersio Licensed Massage in Sarasota, FL. Different from those at zone boundary, the latter one is accidentally degenerate to form the conical dispersion with two linear bands and one flat band. Upledger Instructor Ken DiPersio Coursework 2008-present: Introduction to CST, CST1, CST2, CST3, Ignite the Healing Process. Kenneth J Dipersio Licensed Massage is a Massage Therapist at 2831 Ringling Blvd, Sarasota, FL 34237. Combined with effective medium theory, the triple-degenerate conical dispersion has an effective zero refractive index at Dirac frequency. Similar phenomena have been reported in two-dimensional phononic crystal 15, 16, possessing zero-index with simultaneous effective zero reciprocal of bulk modulus and zero mass density. In addition, the photonic Dirac cones are shown to exist in metamaterials as well 17, 18. However, the cones are always dependent on polarizations of light in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals, which appears in either transverse magnetic (TM) or transverse electric (TE) polarization only. Polarization-independence, on the other hand, is highly expected in many research fields. For example, complete band gaps in both TM and TE polarizations are crucial in 2D and three dimensional (3D) photonic crystals 19, 20.
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Polarization-independent waveguides have been designed in 2D photonic crystal with full band gaps 21, 22, and in 3D photonic crystal with “accidental degeneracy” in guided dispersion relations for both polarizations by tuning line-defect profile 23. On August 8, 2012, the District Court of Idaho vacated the final rule listing slickspot peppergrass as a threatened species under the Act and remanded the rule to the Service for further consideration consistent with the Courts opinion (Gov. Metamaterial also enables to manipulate polarizations. Polarization-independent negative refraction has been observed in “Swiss cross” structure in near infrared regime 24. Wide-angle polarization-independent chiral metamaterial absorber has been also reported 25.
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